Beyond Awareness Preparing Culturally Responsive

Beyond Awareness: Preparing Culturally Responsive Preservice Teachers Historically, many teachers took courses in multicultural education that was aimed at teaching preservice teachers about diversity in the classroom. However these courses did not have an impact on the teaching practices of pre-service teachers as they entered schools and classrooms. Furthermore teachers were asked to reconsider their own assumptions and work towards a better understanding of values and practices of cultures different than their own. It was through this type of reflective activity of their own beliefs compared to others could they begin to construct practices that aimed at making diversity apart of the curriculum. One goal of multicultural education was to shed light on oppression and social inequality based on race, social class, gender and disability. The multicultural coursework lead to â€Å"one of three† conditions in the preservice teachers’ classroom. 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Mindset And True Grit Shakespeare s Othello - 1387 Words

Miguel Innocent jr Ms. Milliner EES21QH-01 January 20th, 2017 Mindset and True Grit: Shakespeare s Othello When discussing mindsets in the human condition, there are some correlations toward how a person can perceive success, or how a person perceives failure. These can have a great effect on a person’s personality and various traits and actions. Mindsets also factor into a person’s true self and how they can either become fixated on one thought process for a prolonged time, or be more open to improvement through efforts of mental fortitude. Grittiness is also a factor that can be a bi-product of growth mindset, to where nothing can sway you and your concentration to improve. The motivations of four certain characters from†¦show more content†¦With that said, Iago, a main character from the Shakespeare play ‘Othello’ can relate to such definitions of a fixed mindset. One look into his mindset can be found in one of the lines he speaks, â€Å"To be produced--as, if I stay, I shall--Against the Moor. For I do know the state, However this may gall him wit h some check, Cannot with safety cast him; for he’s embarked with such loud reason to the Cypress wars, which even now stands in act, that for their souls another of his fathom they have none to lead their business†(pg 8-9). This quote basically displays Iago’s distrust in the Moor who in the main character Othello, in not promoting him to a higher rank in the army after their war with the Turkish army. This gave Iago a fixed mindset in the way to get revenge on Othello for not rewarding his efforts. Throughout the play, he created various schemes and manipulated characters like Roderigo and Cassio to try and kill each other in order to further Iago’s plans to stray away Othello from loving his wife Desdemona. This wide plan ended in his inevitable death, along with Othello, Emilia, and Desdemona. 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January 20Th, 2017.1597 Words   |  7 PagesBriana Ruiz Ms. Milliner EES21QH-03 January 20th, 2017 Final Paper In Othello by WIlliam Shakespeare, we follow the life of an African American male, who is the lead commander of Cyprus military unit. He was a very respected man and soldier though unbeknownst to him, was a victim of a spiralling love tragedy. Iago, his ancient who acts as his trusted friend, secretly despises him due to not being promoted to Othello’s personal lieutenant, leading him to commit a murder most foul. Moving alongRead MoreA Psychology Professor And Expert On Grit Defines A Growth Mindset1118 Words   |  5 PagesDuckworth a psychology professor and expert on Grit defines a growth mindset as people who believe their basic abilities, their intelligence, their talents, are just fixed traits. They believe they only have a certain amount of intelligence, so there goal then becomes to look smart all the time and not dumb. 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The story begins in Venice with Iago, a soldier under Othello s command arguing with a wealthy Venetian, Roderigo. Roderigo has paid Iago a considerable sum of money to spy on Othello for him, since he wishes to take Othello s girlfriend, Desdemona as his own. The story to this as the main line, there have beenRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of William Shakespeare s Othello 2107 Words   |  9 PagesGrit and Mindset in Shakespeare’s Play Othello Grit and mindset are major factors for attaining our goals and plays key roles in our daily lives. Grit is the attribute that permits us to endure even with test and to work harder long after a great many people would of quit. It s the Rocky quality, the drive to continue going until you succeed. In an investigation of several understudies, youthful experts and West Point cadets Dr. Duckworth observed coarseness to be the main characteristic that

Card readers Essay Example For Students

Card readers Essay 1. OPEN EEPROM Just what it means open a saved EEPROM image 2. SAVE AS This has 3 options (different ways to save the image of the card) a. NORMAL HEX b. ASCII ENCODED HEX c. BIN FILE 3. VIEW This has 5 options:. a. ATR INFO- this is a break down of what is in the ATR of your card b. HU MAP- this is a map of where different data is at on the hu image. c. TIER DATA- is the data from the different tiers on the card d. EEPROM DUMP- is what you see after you read the card and then pull it. e. MESSAGE WINDOW- is the first thing you see when you put your card in. 4. EEPROM This has 7 options: a. CLEAN EEPROM This is what you do when you want to clean any data off your hu image b. CLEAR PASSWORD This is what you use to clear the pass word from a card that has one on it. c. CLEAR IRD This has two options: 1. UMMARRY- this will unmarry the card to use in another ird 2. SET TO VIRGIN- that is what it does. d. CMD 90 BLOCKING This has two options 1. TURN ON 2. TURN OFF e. FIX ATR 4TH BYTE This is for IVAC cards. f. PATCH FILE This has two options. (also used to patch a file into your image or card) 1. NORMAL HEX FILE 2. EXTREME HEX FILE g. CAM/ZKT TOOLS This has three options 1. STORE CAM/ZKT 2. PATCH CAM/ZKT 3. SAVE CAM/ZKT FOR H CARD E. CARD This has 5 options a. CHECK ATR will do just that. b. UTILITIES This has 6 options 1. CHANGE AREA- this is to change time zone, zip and locals byte 2. CLEAR PASSWORD 3. CLEAR IRD This has 2 options under it aa. UNMARRY bb. SET TO VIRGIN 4. CMD 90 BLOCKING Again has two options aa. TURN ON bb. TURN OFF 5. FIX 4TH BYTE 6. READ USW This tells you what your USW is. c. READ CARD This is always the first thing you do. read your card. d. WRITE CARD This has two options 1. CURRENT EEPROM This will write the current EEPROM image that you have loaded. 2. HEX FILE This will write a hex file to the card e. CLEAN CARD Just what it says Here are the QUICK BUTTONS just below the tile bar. From right to left: 1. The file folder is to open an EEPROM file 2. The diskette is to save the open image 3. The window with the gear is for settings. This is to set up glitch points and paths for saving your bin files and hex files. 4. Looking glass is to view decoded EEPROM image (this is edit mode) 5. Squeegee is to clean the current loaded EEPROM 6. The caption signs are for unmarrying the IRD 7. The syringe is for fixing the 4th byte. 8. CMD 90 is to set the blocking code (supposed to stop the card from receiving data that could loop the card. It is your choice to use it or not. It did not work in Jan. ECM but maybe it is better now.) THESE ARE ALL THE FEATURES THAT WILL BE DONE ON THE CURRENTLY LOADED EEPROM IMAGE. THE NEXT SET OF OPTION BUTTONS WILL WORK ONLY ON THE CARD THAT IS INSERTED IN THE LOADER. 9. Check mark is to patch hex file to your currently loaded EEPROM image. 10. Clean card 11. Unmarry IRD 12. .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45 , .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45 .postImageUrl , .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45 , .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45:hover , .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45:visited , .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45:active { border:0!important; } .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45:active , .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45 .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78c822213389fb5fa5616481fd781b45:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Confucius (255 words) Essay Fix 4th byte 13. CMD 90 blocking 14. Change area settings 15. Atmel chip is to read the card. 16. USW reads the usw on the card 17. Lightning flash writes the current EEPROM loaded to the card 18. HEX writes a hex that you choose to the card 19. Open door is to exit the program Words/ Pages : 670 / 24

Research Report Digital Divide free essay sample

An Analysis of Digitalization of Bangladesh A M SHAHRIAR Contents Introduction to Digital Divide Background of Bangladesh ICT in Bangladesh Factors contributing to the digital divide in Bangladesh The future of ICT in Bangladesh Conclusion Acronyms, Appendices List of References Pages 1 1 1-2 2-4 4-6 6-7 8-10 11-12 This Research Report Has Been Created For Mr. Matthew Mansour, ISYS100 (It Society), Macquarie City Campus Introduction to Digital Divide The term ‘Digital Divide’ when initially coined mainly referred to the differences between various nations and communities and their access to computer and the internet. Over the years the term has widened in terms of its meaning and now its meaning could be interpreted as the differences in the distribution of digital technologies like television, radio, and mobile telephony throughout the world (Unwin and De Bastion, 2009). The focus of this paper is on Bangladesh and we will look into the numerous factors that has lead to the digital divide. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Report Digital Divide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We will also emphasize how the digital divide has impacted the various aspects of the country including the socio-economic climate. Background Bangladesh emerged on the world map on 16th December 1971 after the liberation war against Pakistan. It is a Democratic Republic. Bangladesh is situated on the southern parts of Asia bordered by India in north and west, Myanmar in the east and the Bay of Bengal in the south. The total area of Bangladesh is 143,998 sq km (Central Intelligence Agency, July 2012), 94th largest in the world populated by 161,083,804 people (C I A, July 2012) 8th most populated in the world with population density at 1118. 65 persons/sq km. Information and Communication Technologies in Bangladesh The Internet was introduced comparatively very late in Bangladesh at 1966 and even by 2004 it was nowhere in the global broadband map (Dwivedi, Khan and Papazafeiropoulou, 2006). During these times the poverty in Bangladesh was around 40% (World Bank, 2005) and hence it is evident that the access to internet or computer usage was very 1 expensive and unaffordable for the majority of the population. The biggest reason of poverty in Bangladesh over the past many decades has been the highly dense population which in turn has affected the nation’s socio-economic climate. Because of this the access to information technologies such as computer usage and internet availability has been very difficult. Why is there a gap? Factors contributing to the digital divide in Bangladesh Economic The per capita income of Bangladesh was $848 during the 2011-2012 fiscal years, which is still below the middle-income bracket (The Daily Star, June 2012). In terms of Comparison, we look into the per capita income of Australia which is $45,300 we realise that how low the income level in Bangladesh really is. The per capita income growth of Bangladesh has been really slow compared to other developing Asian Nations (Refer to Appendix-A). As of 2010the poverty head count ratio of Bangladesh was still 31. 5%, which although has decreased from the past years is not decreasing at the rate it should (Refer to Appendix-B, source: World Bank). This has been one of the most significant factors that has contributed to the digital divide that exists between Bangladesh and the many other nations. Socio-Cultural One of the biggest barriers to accessing the internet is the Language. There are only a handful websites that are in Bengali, the language in Bangladesh by more than 90% of the people. In a country with only 18% English speaking population (Euro monitor international report 2009) it is extremely difficult for the vast population to use the various digital technologies like the computer or the internet because of the lack of knowledge of the language which these technologies use. 2 Another aspect important to highlight is the inability of women to readily access the technologies like the computer or the internet. This is mainly because of the male dominant society that unfortunately still prevails in Bangladesh. The Adult literacy rate of males in Bangladesh is 57. 2% against 45. 8% for females (BBS, 2004). Majority of the household in Bangladesh have income dependency on male and hence the life of innumerable women mostly in rural regions is confined to the boundaries of their homes. The male society has a greater access to the different technologies in workplaces and other places outside home whereas women are barred from this access due the social conditions. Another aspect contributing to the digital divide is the religious orientation. Although this is a sensitive and controversial topic it is vital in determining the lifestyle that prevails in the country. Bangladesh is secular nation and the population is mostly dominated by Muslims which make up 89. 52% (BBS, 2004) of the entire population and Hindus are about 9. 58% (BBS, 2004). The remaining 0. 9% is mostly Buddhists and Christians. There is a low rate of literacy of the Muslims in most regions (Bangladesh Data Sheet, BBS, 2004) compared to the other religions. This is mainly because of the orthodoxy that prevails in the Households all across Bangladesh. There are too many barriers for young children from their families to access technologies such as the internet because of these reasons. Political Unfortunately, Bangladesh has one of the most unstable political climates in Asia and this has hampered the growth of the country in several ways. From the perspective of Information and communication technologies if and when there is a contribution from the Government to this sector, it never seems to reach the public properly because of the corruption that prevails in the various administrative levels of the governmental organisations. Also the law and order is in disarray preventing many people to even acquire technological devices such as computers in the fear that it will be stolen or that their household would be riskier with some expensive technological gadget. Educational With a literacy rate of only 56% (UNICEF, 2010) it has been very difficult to achieve penetration of IT usage in the country. Only 1. 4% of the population aged 15 years or older have used the internet (Bangladesh Literacy Survey, BBS 2011). The literacy rate is also affected by the place of residence. For example, the literacy rate in urban areas is 65. 83% compared to 51. 81% in the rural region (Bangladesh Literacy Survey, BBS 2011). In Addition to the Socio-Cultural, Political, Economic and Educational factors there are also many other reasons subsidizing to the digital divide in Bangladesh. The Gap is narrowing The Future The internet usage is so rapidly growing that it can be said it is viral. It took the Internet three years to reach 50 million users in the world while 4 t took the television 38 long years to reach the same number of users. We can say the same for Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Government has taken initiatives to ensure access to information and communication technologies for populations across all regions of the country. The government has issued a new policy in 2009 (WTIM, 2011) where it promises to be a ICT driven nation and grab a chunk of the multibillion dollar software export business facilitat ing ecommerce and e-governance helping in the educational, administrative and other sectors. The Government created Bangladesh telecommunications Regulatory Commission in 2002. BTRC has strong regulatory independence and now full authority to grant licenses to all providers of telephony, data, and network and content services. The Bangladesh Telephone Company Ltd. (BTCL) owned by the government has set up digital telephone exchanges and Internet Service Providers in each district town of the country. The government of Bangladesh abolished import tax and VAT on computer hardware, software and accessories. This brought down the cost of computers significantly at the retail outlets. Now even the low income households in the country can afford to have PCs. Bangladesh assemble Laptop Computer brand named â€Å"Dowel†. It will be distributed the educational institute and government officers by low cost to promote ICT in education government offices. Recently, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh announced that Bangladesh would be transformed into ‘Digital Bangladesh’ by the year 2021. By this time all forms of governmental, organizational, dministrative and other fields will be using the latest digital technology as modes of communication The one factor that has contributed vitally to the rapid growth of the internet usage in Bangladesh is the use of Mobile Phones. During the 5 period of 5 years between 2005 and 2010 the numbers of mobile phone subscribers have increased rapidly. The growth has been over 400% in these five years. Compared to the 11. 29% in 2005, the percen tage of mobile phone users have increased to 63. 4% in 2010 (Refer to appendix-c). This is vital for the internet usage in Bangladesh because for millions of people this will be the first point of access to the internet. The mobile service providers are providing greater internet access as time progresses. TeleTalk, A mobile service provided by the government owned BTCL has introduced third generation network connectivity to its users on 14th October 2012, for the first time in the country and the other leading service providers are soon to follow. As of January 2013, Bangladesh has shown impressive Internet penetration compared to other countries in Asia (Refer to appendix-d). It is ahead of all the sub-continental nations including India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Nepal. Conclusion It is evident with all the facts and figures that Bangladesh is a nation that is still suffering from Digital divide compared to the many other nations in this world. But, on the other hand it is also proven that Bangladesh is on a path to a brighter future with greater access of Information and Communication technologies for the country’s people. There are so many obstacles that need to be overcome in order to reach a Bangladesh that is digitally connected and has world class IT facilities. The poverty, immense population, Political Instability, cultural differences and several other factors that is restricting the growth of Bangladesh. The key here is to focus on eliminating these complications and progressing towards building a nation which is modern and can provide access and usability of Information and communication technologies to all its citizens. The country needs to emphasize on productivity of its resources like the huge labour that is available. Attend to and improve efficiency of sectors like 6 education, training so there is an increased level of literacy that will help the nation to grow economically and reduce difficulties like poverty, unemployment and many others. Bangladesh needs to be a Nation that is in sync with the rest of the world in terms of technological development. The nation needs to bridge the gap that fills the digital divide between it and the rest of the world. 7 Acronyms ICT BBS UNICEF WTIM CIA BTCL BTRC Information and Communication Technologies Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund World Telecommunication/ICT indicators Meeting Central Intelligence Agency Bangladesh Telephone Company Ltd Bangladesh Telecommunications Regulatory Commission 8 Appendices Appendix-a Appendix-b 9 Appendix-c Appendix-d 10 List of References Journals ? Unwin, T; Bastion, G de; 2009,†Digital Divide†, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK; Deutsche Gesellschaft fu? r Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany ? Dwivedi, Y; Khan, N; and Papazafeiropoulou, A; 2006 Consumer Adoption and Usage of Broadband in Bangladesh, AMCIS 2006 Proceedings. Paper 426 ? Development Research Network (D. Net), Bangladesh (2008). â€Å"Public access to information ICTs: Bangladesh. Public Access Landscape Study final report†, presented to University of Washington Centre for Information Society (CIS), Seattle. ? Anwarul Islam, Anisur Rahman, (2006) Growth and development of information and communication technologies in Bangladesh, Electronic Library, The, Vol. 24 ? Baten, M; Kamil, A; August 2010 â€Å"Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce†, vol. 15, no. 2, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia ? HOSSAIN,M; SHINKAI,N; June 2011 ‘ Productivity and Performance of IT Sector in Bangladesh: Evidence from the Firm Level Data† ,Bangladesh Development Studies Vol. XXXIV ? June 2011â€Å"Report on the Bangladesh Literacy Survey 2010† Industry and Labour wing, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning Newspaper Articles and Online News Resources ? BBC News, â€Å"Bangladesh Profile† http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-south-asia-12650940 11 ? The Daily Star â€Å"Bangladeshs per capita income rises to $848† http://www. thedailystar. net/newDesign/newsdetails. php? nid=236919 ? The Daily Star â€Å"Internet trends in Bangladesh† http://www. thedailystar. net/newDesign/newsdetails. php? nid=241836 ? ? BBC News, â€Å"Bangladesh suffers internet disruption after cut cable† http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/technology-18366007 The Star, †Internet via bicycle in Bangladesh† http://www. thestar. com/news/world/2012/11/10/the_internet_via_ bicycle_in_bangladesh. html ? ? Al Jazeera English â€Å"Illiterate force behind Bangladeshs digitisation† http://www. outube. com/watch? v=y_V0FMitSp4 BanglaNews24, â€Å"Digital Bangladesh† http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=gMdi38HzELw Government Organizational websites ? ? ? ? https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/bg. html http://data. worldbank. org/country/bangladesh http://www. unicef. org/infobycountry/bangladesh_ban gladesh_statis tics. html http://www. digitalbangladesh. gov. bd/ Other Web Sources http://wearesocial. sg/blog/2013/01/social-digital-mobile-china-jan2013/we-are-social-internet-penetration-in-asia-2/ 12

Presidetial Election 2000 Essays - Al Gore, , Term Papers

Presidetial Election 2000 The two main candidates for the election of 2000 are George W. Bush and Al Gore. Al Gore, of course, being the current Vice President. I have never been into the whole politics game. But, know that I am 18 years old I feel I should start paying more attention to political issues. I don't know if I am going to vote this year, and if I did I don't know who I would vote for. I really don't know much about either canditate. All I know is that Gore is Vice President to Clinton, and we all know how most people feel about Clinton. In order for me to make a judgment on who I am going to vote for I would like to know where each canditate satnds on different political issues. Some of the issues I will be covering are abortion, crime, drugs, education, environment, and gun control. These are the issues I am most interested in, and I would like a president who agrees with me on a good portion of these issues. To start off, I am going to state where I stand on each of the isssues. I then will sate where each presidential canditate stands on each issue. The first topic I would like to discuss is abortion. Abortion is kind of a big thing to me. I am one of those who is against abortion. I feel abortion is kind of like murder. I know it is easy for me to say that abortion is wrong, because I have never gotten a girl pregnant before. I understand that some tees make mistakes and want to correct those mistakes. But, I feel more people should stand up for their mistakes and take some action. Instead of having the baby aborted, the parents should put the child up for adoption. What if that kid was going to come up with a cure for cancer? I bet the parents would not want o abort the child then. Abortion is one area I agree with Bush. Bush wants to cut down the amount of abortions given out the whole year. Bush also wants to turn the choice of having abortions over to the state. Gore, on the other hand, wants to leave the choice in the woman's hand. He feels it is up to her to decide whether or not to have an abortion. Gore also wants medicare to pay for abortions. I feel that it is totally wrong for the government to support the murder of an unborn child. I have to say that I am a little disappointed that neither canditate is taking a direct stand against abortion. Although I agree with Bush more than Gore I feel both candidates are trying to steer around the abortion topic. The next issue I would like to discuss is crime. As we all know crime is a big problem in our country. I am in favor of adding more funding to increase police officers pay and to increase the overall bettering of policing across the country. I feel police officers are extremely under paid for the jobs that they do. Crime is one issue I agree with Gore on. Gore wants to intensify the fight against crime. He wants to add 50000 more police to the streets in the next 10 years. Bush on the other hand didn't have too much in speaking out against crimes. Both candidates support having the death penalty. But, only Gore states that he wants to have the death penalty for the killing of a federal officer. I like that idea because it shows that Gore is going to protect his own. The next issue I am going to discuss ties in with the previous issue of crime, drugs. Drugs are a huge problem right now in our society. Almost everyone I know has done a drug at some point in their lives. I know growing up in Chicago I came across a lot of people with a drug problem. But, it is not only in the city where drug use occurs. It happens in the suburbs, the farms, and everywhere else. The fight against drugs is an area I feel

Gen. Henry Hap Arnold - World War II History

Gen. Henry Hap Arnold - World War II History Henry Harley Arnold (born at Gladwyne, PA on June 25, 1886) had a military career peppered with many successes and few failures. He was the only officer to ever hold the rank of General of the Air Force. He died January 15,  1950  and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Early Life The son of a doctor, Henry Harley Arnold was born at Gladwyne, PA on June 25, 1886. Attending Lower Merion High School, he graduated in 1903 and applied to West Point. Entering the academy, he proved a renowned prankster but only a pedestrian student. Graduating in 1907, he ranked 66th out of a class of 111. Though he desired to enter the cavalry, his grades and disciplinary record prevented this and he was assigned to the 29th Infantry as a second lieutenant. Arnold initially protested this assignment but ultimately relented and joined his unit in the Philippines. Learning to Fly While there, he befriended Captain Arthur Cowan of the US Army Signal Corps. Working with Cowan, Arnold aided in creating maps of Luzon. Two years later, Cowan was ordered to take command of the Signal Corps newly-formed Aeronautical Division. As part of this new assignment, Cowan was directed to recruit two lieutenants for pilot training. Contacting Arnold, Cowan learned of the young lieutenants interest in obtaining a transfer. After some delays, Arnold was transferred to the Signal Corps in 1911 and began flight training at the Wright Brothers flying school in Dayton, OH. Taking his first solo flight on May 13, 1911, Arnold earned his pilot license later that summer. Sent to College Park, MD with his training partner, Lieutenant Thomas Millings, he set several altitude records as well as became the first pilot to carry US Mail. Over the next year, Arnold began to develop a fear of flying after witnessing and being a part of several crashes. Despite this, he won the prestigious Mackay Trophy in 1912 for the most meritorious flight of the year. On November 5, Arnold survived a near-fatal crash at Fort Riley, KS and removed himself from flight status. Returning to the Air Returning to the infantry, he was again posted to the Philippines. While there he met 1st Lieutenant George C. Marshall and the two became life-long friends. In January 1916, Major Billy Mitchell offered Arnold a promotion to captain if he returned to aviation. Accepting, he traveled back to College Park for duty as the supply officer for the Aviation Section, US Signal Corps. That fall, aided by his friends in the flying community, Arnold overcame his fear of flying. Sent to Panama in early 1917 to find a location for an airfield, he was en route back to Washington when he learned of the US entry into World War I. World War I Though he desired to go to France, Arnolds aviation experience led to him being retained in Washington at the Aviation Sections headquarters. Promoted to the temporary ranks of major and colonel, Arnold oversaw the Information Division and lobbied for the passage of a large aviation appropriations bill. Though mostly unsuccessful, he gained valuable insight into negotiating the politics of Washington as well as the development and procurement of aircraft. In the summer of 1918, Arnold was dispatched to France to brief General John J. Pershing on new aviation developments. Interwar Years Following the war, Mitchell was transferred to the new US Army Air Service and was posted to Rockwell Field, CA. While there, he developed relationships with future subordinates such as Carl Spaatz and Ira Eaker. After attending the Army Industrial College, he returned to Washington to the Office of the Chief of Air Service, Information Division, where he became a devout follower of the now-Brigadier General Billy Mitchell. When the outspoken Mitchell was court-martialed in 1925, Arnold risked his career by testifying on behalf of the air power advocate. For this and for leaking pro-airpower information to the press, he was professionally exiled to Fort Riley in 1926 and given command of the 16th Observation Squadron. While there, he befriended Major General James Fechet, the new head of the US Army Air Corps. Intervening on Arnolds behalf, Fechet had him sent to the Command and General Staff School. Graduating in 1929, his career began to progress again and he held a variety of peacetime commands. After winning a second Mackay Trophy in 1934 for a flight to Alaska, Arnold was given command of the Air Corps First Wing in March 1935 and promoted to brigadier general. That December, against his wishes, Arnold returned to Washington and was made Assistant Chief of the Air Corps with responsibility for procurement and supply. In September 1938, his superior, Major General Oscar Westover, was killed in a crash. Shortly thereafter, Arnold was promoted to major general and made Chief of the Air Corps. In this role, he began plans for expanding the Air Corps to place it on par with Army Ground Forces. He also began pushing a large, long-term research and development agenda with the goal improving the Air Corps equipment. World War II With the growing threat from Nazi Germany and Japan, Arnold directed research efforts to exploit existing technologies and drove the development of aircraft such as the Boeing B-17 and Consolidated B-24. In addition, he began pushing for research into the development of jet engines. With the creation of the US Army Air Forces in June 1941, Arnold was made Chief of the Army Air Forces and acting Deputy Chief of Staff for Air. Given a degree of autonomy, Arnold and his staff began planning in anticipation of the US entry into World War II. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Arnold was promoted to lieutenant general and began enacting his war plans which called for the defense of the Western Hemisphere as well as aerial offensives against Germany and Japan. Under his aegis, the USAAF created numerous air forces for deployment in the various theaters of combat. As the strategic bombing campaign commenced in Europe, Arnold continued to press for the development of new aircraft, such as the B-29 Superfortress, and support equipment. Beginning in early 1942, Arnold was named Commanding General, USAAF and made a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff. In addition to advocating for and supporting strategic bombing, Arnold backed other initiatives such as the Doolittle Raid, the formation of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs), as well as communicated directly with his top commanders to ascertain their needs firsthand. Promoted to general in March 1943, he soon had the first of several wartime heart attacks. Recovering, he accompanied President Franklin Roosevelt to the Tehran Conference later that year. With his aircraft pounding the Germans in Europe, he began focusing his attention on making the B-29 operational. Deciding against using it Europe, he elected to deploy it to the Pacific. Organized into the Twentieth Air Force, the B-29 force remained under Arnolds personal command and flew first from bases in China and then the Marianas. Working with Major General Curtis LeMay, Arnold oversaw the campaign against the Japanese home islands. These attacks saw LeMay, with Arnolds approval, conduct massive firebombing attacks on Japanese cities. The war finally came to an end when Arnolds B-29s dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Later Life Following the war, Arnold established Project RAND (Research and Development) which was tasked with studying military matters. Traveling to South America in January 1946, he was forced to break off the trip due to declining health. As result, he retired from active service the following month and settled on a ranch in Sonoma, CA. Arnold spent his final years writing his memoirs and in 1949 had his final rank changed to General of the Air Force. The only officer to ever hold this rank, he died on January 15, 1950 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Selected Sources HistoryNet: General Henry Hap ArnoldHenry H. Arnold

Cultural, Economic, and Institutional Inequality in the US Assignment

Cultural, Economic, and Institutional Inequality in the US - Assignment Example While using the public policy field, it will be possible to have a deeper understanding of how the political economy in the US is organized. Within these fields, the focus will mainly be on the wealth and poverty in the United States with regards to public policy, as well as social inequalities in the US with regards to sociology. This research will be important to a wider audience because there has been a significant increase in cultural, economic, and institutional inequality in the United States since the mid-70s. The United States for a long time has been one of the most unequal countries among the developed countries in the world. However, the cultural and economic upheaval that started in the seventies acted as a stark departure from the movement that had sought to push for more equality after the Great Depression and into the Second World War (Pontusson 41). The push for equality had been a core feature of public policy in the thirty years after WWII and its reversal consequences of this reversal should be of importance. In addition, this research paper is important because it will deal with a pertinent issue in American society today. Despite the magnitude with which inequality has risen in the United States, it seems that political discourse only refers obliquely to inequality in the United States. Th e debate in the public arena, neither acknowledges the scale and widespread nature of inequality in the United States, nor does it discuss why these sustained, and sudden changes have occurred in a serious and focused manner (Pontusson 42). This research paper will seek to expand, on policy recommendations, to reverse the trend of economic inequality in the United States, providing an alternate view of the period after World War 2, particularly the last thirty years.